The New Brunswick and Canada Railroad

New Brunswick and Canada Railroad Trip Pass, 1882

In my last post I mentioned there was a second railway bridge over the St. Croix River between McAdam and Vanceboro. This wooden bridge was a late part of the very first railway in New Brunswick.

Back in the early 1800s the town of St. Andrews was a very prosperous town, a serious rival of Saint John in the area. In 1827 a group of entrepreneurs attempted to secure British funding for a railway from St. Andrews to Quebec City, to provide all-year shipping access that was unavailable to Quebec due to the annual freeze of the St. Lawrence River. They were denied funding but St. Andrews did not give up. They had surveys done in 1836 and 1837 and recommended a route that unfortunately went through what could be northern Maine - although the border at that time was not firm. Recall that the Americans and the British clashed in the War of 1812 - the USA was still not trusted. After the Aroostook War and the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842, the planned route definitely went through Maine and was unacceptable.

St. Andrews was persistent and in 1847 the St. Andrews-Quebec Railway Company secured a grant of 20,000 acres of land from the province, to go with private British funding, provided the line reached Woodstock, NB. Construction began in 1848, but after numerous difficulties work stopped in 1853 as they ran out of funds. The line had been graded for 25 miles and there were only about five miles of track laid, to Chamcook. The line laid for four years, its "advanced" iron rails rusting away.

New Brunswick and Canada Railroad Pass, 1880

A new company was formed in 1857, the New Brunswick and Canada Railway Company. By October 1, 1857 the first 34 miles were opened to the public. They reached Canterbury in December 1858, and after some delay the railway was opened to Richmond Corner during July 1862. Sadly the company ran out of money and went into receivership in 1863. The line ran from a now secondary port to a field near, but not connected to, the town of Woodstock. I believe it was extended to Woodstock in 1868 and it eventually crossed the border to Houlton as well, although it never did connect to the Bangor and Aroostook Railway servicing Houlton.

Back of New Brunswick and Canada Railroad Pass

Meanwhile, the European and North American Railway was built between Saint John and Point-du-Chêne, and its Western Extension followed, built between Saint John through City Camp (now known as McAdam) to cross the St. Croix River to connect to Vanceboro, Maine as discussed in my previous post. The line was complete in 1871.

Apparently the New Brunswick and Canada wanted a piece of this American action. The following are some news clippings from the period, kindly provided by railway historian Art Clowes.

Woodstock, The Carleton Sentinel, Page 2  - Saturday, May 3, 1879 - A branch railroad from the New Brunswick and Canada road at McAdam Junction to Vanceboro is projected.  It will be about 6 miles long; the object is to secure billing of freight from Vanceboro to Houlton, Woodstock and the upper country district.

There was some skepticism about the need for this railway, given that the Western Extension already ran over the same route.

Woodstock, The Carleton Sentinel, Page 2  - Saturday, May 31, 1879 - On Monday last ground was broken on the new piece of railroad between McAdam Junction and Vanceboro, and the work of construction is now being proceeded with.  It seems to us that any apparent or real necessity for this branch, in the interests of the public, or of any corporation, must result from a want of foresight or a blunder on the part of somebody.  It is certainly not demanded by the pressure of traffic.

However a July piece seems a lot more positive.

Woodstock, Carleton Sentinel, Page 2 - Saturday, July 5, 1879 - The Branch Railroad between McAdam and Vanceboro is being constructed with considerable rapidity, and will be probably open to traffic early in the coming fall.  While, to outsiders, this piece of road looks to be entirely unnecessary, if the parties interested in it and in the now established road would consider their differences reasonably, it may on its completion very greatly effect adversely the business both of the St. John and Maine and European and North American roads, while tending to benefit in the same degree the New Brunswick and Canada road.

By the way this New Brunswick and Canada road; which was a long and sort of standing joke, for large feeling railroad men, and which even now is, on account of the utilitarian rather than ornamental character of its equipments, slightly regarded by many, is yearly becoming a more important feature among our railroads; it has developed a very large milling and lumber business along its line; has become the chief artery of trade communication with the up-river Counties on both sides of the line, and is, probably, under its very prudent management, making more money than any other road in the lower Provinces at all events.

It may be stated in this connection that the work of relaying the track north from McAdam Junction has been in progress for some days past, and probably the whole 12,000 tons of new steel rails will have been placed before this is published.

New Brunswick and Canada Railway map, 1871

The new line was built just north of the existing European and North American line. In fact, if you've driven between McAdam and Vanceboro, you're driving on the roadbed at least part of the way.

The line was completed on October 9, 1879, with the first train running that same day.

Saint John, NB, The Daily Telegraph, Page 3 - Wednesday, October 15, 1879 - HOME AFFAIRS - New Brunswick and Canada Railway - Some months ago the New Brunswick and Canada Railway Company decided to extend a branch from McAdam Junction to Vanceboro and thus connect direct with the trains of the European & North American Railway.  The reasons for the building of this extension have been before stated.  The work on the road was pushed rapidly, the country was level and favourable to rapid railroading, and a large crew of men were employed.  A wooden bridge was erected for the road across the St. Croix River.  The laying of the rails was completed on Thursday of last week, and on that day the first train ran over the road,  It is now in first-class condition and the trains are running regularly.

The New Brunswick and Canada's rails were originally laid on the broad or Provincial Gauge (5'6" between rails) but must have been converted to standard gauge (4' 8.5") prior to 1879, in order to be able to interchange with the Maine railroad.

In a final bit of irony for a very troubled railroad, the New Brunswick Railway acquired the New Brunswick and Canada Railway on July 1, 1882 and then acquired the Western Extension in 1883. With both railways under the New Brunswick Railway banner, there was no need for two parallel lines between McAdam and Vanceboro. The 1879 line was abandoned and its route now forms part of highway 4 to the border.

I wasn't able to find any photos of the second bridge over the St. Croix - not surprising given that it only carried railway traffic for a few years - and in fact photos of the New Brunswick and Canada Railroad are pretty scarce.

I hope you've enjoyed this little New Brunswick railway history tour. If you have any comments, corrections or additions, please comment!

St. Croix Bridge Sabotage, 100 Years Ago Today

One hundred years ago today, a German saboteur attempted to destroy the St. Croix railway bridge linking Canada and the USA at St. Croix near McAdam, NB.

German agent Werner Horn (and an Irish accomplice) planted explosives on the American end of the bridge. The explosives did go off, putting the bridge out of service for a couple of days, but did not cause lasting damage. Horn was quickly arrested and imprisoned in the US (in Atlanta, GA) for a few years before being extradited to Canada, where he was put on trial in Fredericton and imprisoned in Dorchester, NB. In 1921 he was quite sick (suffering from syphilis) and was deported to Germany.

The white X on the photo shows where the explosives were placed, and the people in the photo are apparently American customs officers. Remember that in 1915 the US was not in World War I and were officially neutral.

Woodstock, The Carleton Sentinel, Page 4 - Friday, February 5, 1915 - GERMAN USED DYNAMITE ON C.P.R. BRIDGE AT ST. CROIX - The steel bridge spanning the St. Croix River on the main line of the C.P.R. was dynamited by a German shortly after one o’clock Tuesday morning.  The damage to the structure is not extensive, but traffic was interfered with to some extent.  The perpetrator of the outrage was arrested in a hotel in Vanceboro, Maine, and is held there now.

This bridge was part of what was originally The European and North American Railway Company For Extension From St. John Westward company, formed on April 13 1864 and mercifully renamed to the Western Extension Railway. The WER was formed to build a line from Saint John to the border with Maine, where it would meet the European and North American Railway [of Maine], coming up from Bangor. The Western Extension was started on the Saint John end in 1867 and the line was built to the St. Croix River (the border) by late 1869. The ENA was started in Bangor on January 1, 1867 but ran a bit late so the two sides were not connected until 1871. American President Ulysses S. Grant drove the last spike in Vanceboro on October 19, 1871.

Both the ENA and the Western Extension were originally built to the Provincial Gauge (5'6" between rails) and were not converted to standard gauge (4' 8.5") until 1877.

The ENA in Maine became part of the Maine Central, which leased and eventually sold a portion of its track to CP. The Western Extension became part of the New Brunswick Railway, which was leased and later sold to CP and now is part of the New Brunswick Southern Railway.

This bridge was not the original bridge on the site. The original was apparently a wooden bridge but I haven't found any photos of it. Apparently there was at least one accident during construction, as evidenced by this news clipping:

Halifax, Evening Express, Page 2 – Friday, October 2, 1868 – DOMESTIC AND OTHER MATTERS – We understand that an engine used in the construction of the Railway Bridge over the St. Croix River, exploded this morning, killing the Engineer and badly injuring three men.

The iron bridge that this post was erected in 1887, according to this news clipping.

Woodstock, The Sentinel, Page 2 – April 2, 1887 – NEW BRIDGE – A new iron bridge is being erected by the New Brunswick and Maine Central Railways, on the St. Croix River between Vanceboro, Maine, and St. Croix, New Brunswick. It takes the place of the old wooden structure, and rests on granite piers. The road bed has been raised three feet above its former level.

The bridge itself was built by the Passaic Rolling Mill Company (as seen in the top photo) of Paterson, New Jersey.

NB Southern train entering Canada, November 25 2006

The iron bridge no longer exists. Between 1972 and 1973 a centre pier for the new bridge was built and the new bridge was constructed beside the old one, and slid into place to replace the old bridge. It opened for service on April 25, 1973.

The current bridge is used by the New Brunswick Southern Railway.

Other references:

• CBC news article
• International of Maine fondly remembered, Omer Lavallee
• Canadian Rail #413, article by Fred Angus about the 100th anniversary of the "Short Line" in 1989
• My 2006 visit to Vanceboro

PS - does anyone know about the other railway bridge that spanned the St. Croix River near this one?

Vanceboro

Here are a few photos of Vanceboro from my little excursion there yesterday.

My first impression of Vanceboro was "small". It has the main line and two other tracks there, and that's it. In the above photograph you can see all the trackage, together with a storage shed and truck trailer to the right.


There is a little office building at Vanceboro. Shortly before the westbound NB Southern freight arrived, a woman drove up to the building and went in. I assume she was getting the customs papers ready for the train. When the train stopped, the conductor got the papers from her.


The big surprise at Vanceboro was this little "museum" from the Vanceboro Historical Society. I encourage you to go look at their web site, as there are a few photos of the railroad showing that it was a happening place in its time.

Peering in the windows of the building, I saw a rack of tourist paperwork and the rest appears to be under refurbishment.

There are some good photos in the excellent Canadian Pacific To The East by Omer Lavallee. There was a two-story wooden station in Vanceboro, built in 1906 and dismantled around 1960. The baggage room was retained and served as the station until it burned around 1990.

There is a George Melvin photo of Vanceboro from 1972 in the book, showing CP train 42 (soon to be the Atlantic) showing a turntable and some track behind the station. It appears the current office shack is on or near the site of the former station. Another photo in the book shows a four-stall roundhouse in Vanceboro. I should have looked for the foundation but I didn't think of it.

The chart on page 212 of Canadian Pacific To The East shows quite a substantial yard in 1926, featuring scales, freight and coal sheds, a station, an engine house, a 54,380 gallon water tank, and a U.S. Customs building.

The Maine Central railroad used to have a switcher in Vanceboro, but I don't know when that was ended. Perhaps it stopped when the Mattawamkeag-Vanceboro line was purchased from the Maine Central by Canadian Pacific in December 1974.

Of course, Vanceboro is most famous in railway circles for the failed World War I sabotage attempt on the bridge over the St. Croix river. German Oberleutenant Werner Horn was sent to destroy the bridge, but botched the job and only caused minor damage that was repaired within a few days.

More reading:

• Previous entry
• 100 year anniversary of bridge sabotage

NB Southern in the Rain

Despite the rain, I decided to head to McAdam to see the NB Southern Railway eastbound freight. My oldest son and I rolled through McAdam at about 11:30 and decided to cross the border to Vanceboro to catch the freight there. I had never been to Vanceboro so it was a new experience for both of us. After a quick stop at Customs, we were in the yard in Vanceboro. I'll post more about the yard later (see here). Suffice it to say there was not much there.

We heard the rumble of the engines long before the freight showed up. Shortly after noon Atlantic / 11 Eastern NBSR 2317 East rolled to a stop by the shack.

The freight had NBSR 2317, 2612, 2318 and 9801 for power, with 26 cars.

After about five minutes, they got underway and so did we. I got to the west end of McAdam yard well before they did, so I got this shot.


They pulled up to the station, then cut off the first 11 cars and pushed them back into the yard.


After a quick crew change, they were off. I decided to catch them at Harvey Lake, and I made it there about five minutes before they did.


The day was miserable enough that I decided not to chase any more, and headed home.

In case you're wondering, I was using my son's HP Photosmart 120 rather than my usual Canon S3 IS, because my wife has the good cameras this weekend.

More photos of Vanceboro